Two militants arrested in Manipur's Bishnupur

The recent arrest of a militant belonging to the outlawed PREPAK (Pro) in Manipur's Bishnupur district underscores the persistent and complex internal security challenges confronting India, particularly in its northeastern region. This incident, while seemingly isolated, is a small but significant piece in the larger mosaic of insurgency, ethnic strife, and governance issues that have plagued Manipur for decades.

To truly understand the significance of this event, we must delve into its historical background. Manipur, a former princely state, merged with the Indian Union in October 1949. However, this merger was viewed by some sections of the populace, particularly the dominant Meitei community, as a forced annexation, leading to a sense of lost sovereignty and identity. This sentiment, coupled with perceived economic neglect, lack of development, and marginalization by the central government, fueled the rise of various insurgent groups from the late 1960s onwards. These groups often espoused secessionist ideologies, advocating for an independent 'Kangleipak' (the ancient name for Manipur) or greater autonomy. PREPAK (People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak) was formed in 1977 with the primary objective of driving out 'outsiders' (non-Manipuris) and establishing an independent socialist state. Over the years, it has split into several factions, with PREPAK (Pro) being one of them, continuing the armed struggle against the Indian state.

Key stakeholders in this ongoing conflict include the Government of India and the State Government of Manipur, represented by various security forces like the Indian Army, Assam Rifles, and Manipur Police. Their primary role is to maintain law and order, counter insurgency, and protect national integrity. On the other side are the numerous insurgent groups, including PREPAK (Pro), the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), People's Liberation Army (PLA), Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL), among others. These groups operate with varying objectives, often engaging in extortion, kidnappings, and armed confrontations. The local population, comprising various ethnic groups like Meiteis, Nagas, and Kukis, often finds itself caught in the crossfire, suffering the brunt of violence, human rights abuses, and developmental stagnation. The recent ethnic violence between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities, which erupted in May 2023, further complicates the security landscape, demonstrating the fragile social fabric and deep-seated divisions within the state.

This arrest matters significantly for India's internal security and national integrity. The continued presence and activities of outlawed groups like PREPAK (Pro) pose a direct challenge to the authority of the state and hinder developmental efforts. Insurgency drains resources, deters investment, and perpetuates a cycle of violence and instability in a strategically vital border state. Manipur's geographical proximity to Myanmar also makes it vulnerable to cross-border arms smuggling, drug trafficking, and the movement of militants, further complicating security operations. The 'Act East Policy,' which aims to enhance India's connectivity and economic engagement with Southeast Asian nations, critically depends on peace and stability in the Northeast.

Relevant constitutional and legal frameworks are crucial here. The **Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), 1958**, has been a contentious law in Manipur, granting special powers to the armed forces in 'disturbed areas.' While intended to aid counter-insurgency operations, it has faced strong criticism for alleged human rights violations, leading to demands for its repeal. The **Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967**, is another key statute under which organizations like PREPAK (Pro) are declared 'unlawful associations,' and individuals involved in their activities are prosecuted. Furthermore, the central government's power to intervene in states facing internal disturbances is outlined in constitutional provisions like **Article 355**, which imposes a duty on the Union to protect states against external aggression and internal disturbance. While not directly invoked for every arrest, these provisions underpin the legal framework for handling such security threats.

Looking ahead, the future implications are multi-faceted. The government's strategy in Manipur, and the broader Northeast, needs a comprehensive approach that combines robust security operations with sustained development initiatives, political dialogue, and addressing the root causes of discontent. Merely arresting militants without tackling underlying issues of identity, economic disparity, and perceived injustice will only lead to the emergence of new groups or the regrouping of existing ones. The ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur highlights the urgent need for reconciliation and inclusive governance. A lasting peace requires not just military solutions but also socio-economic upliftment, fostering trust between communities, and ensuring genuine participation of all stakeholders in the democratic process. India's ability to integrate the Northeast fully into its national mainstream, both economically and emotionally, remains a critical test of its federal structure and commitment to inclusive growth.