Karnataka to expand menstrual cup distribution as part of sustainable hygiene push

The Karnataka government's decision to expand its menstrual hygiene program by introducing menstrual cups for female students in Classes 9 to 12, while continuing sanitary napkin distribution for Classes 6 to 8, marks a significant and progressive step towards sustainable public health and gender equality. This initiative is not merely about providing hygiene products; it embodies a broader shift in policy thinking, addressing health, environmental, educational, and social dimensions simultaneously.

Historically, menstrual hygiene has been a neglected aspect of public health in India, often shrouded in silence, stigma, and misinformation. Millions of adolescent girls and women, particularly in rural areas, lack access to affordable and hygienic menstrual products, proper sanitation facilities, and accurate knowledge about menstruation. This has led to various health issues, including reproductive tract infections, and significantly impacts girls' education. Studies have shown that a substantial number of girls miss school or drop out entirely due during menstruation due to discomfort, lack of facilities, or fear of shame. Past efforts, such as the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's *Kishori Shakti Yojana* (launched in 1991, later integrated into *Sabla*), and the National Health Mission's Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) program, have aimed to address adolescent health, including menstrual hygiene. More recently, the National Guidelines on Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) for adolescent girls (2015) by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation provided a framework for action, emphasizing awareness, access, and safe disposal. The *Suvidha* scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana also aims to provide affordable sanitary pads.

What makes Karnataka's current move particularly noteworthy is its focus on sustainability through menstrual cups. While sanitary napkins are effective, their disposal poses a massive environmental challenge due to their non-biodegradable plastic content. A single sanitary pad can take 500-800 years to decompose. Menstrual cups, on the other hand, are reusable for up to 10 years, drastically reducing waste and offering a cost-effective long-term solution. The government order specifically targets students in higher classes (9-12), recognizing their potential readiness and ability to manage cups, while ensuring continuity of sanitary pads for younger students (6-8).

Key stakeholders in this initiative include the Karnataka State Government, particularly the Department of Health and Family Welfare and the Department of School Education and Literacy, who are the primary architects and implementers of the policy. The female students from Classes 6 to 12 are the direct beneficiaries. Parents and guardians play a crucial role in supporting their daughters and fostering an open environment for menstrual health discussions. NGOs and health organizations may be involved in awareness campaigns, training, and distribution logistics. Manufacturers of menstrual cups and sanitary pads are also indirect stakeholders, responding to the demand generated by this policy.

This policy holds immense significance for India. Socially, it helps destigmatize menstruation, promoting open dialogue and normalizing a natural biological process. Educationally, by ensuring hygienic and comfortable menstruation, it can significantly improve school attendance, reduce dropout rates, and enhance academic performance among girls, thereby contributing to the Right to Education enshrined in Article 21A of the Constitution. Environmentally, it aligns with India's commitments to sustainable development and waste management, directly contributing to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). Economically, while there's an initial investment, menstrual cups offer long-term cost savings for both the state and individual families. From a public health perspective, it reduces the risk of infections associated with unhygienic practices, aligning with the Directive Principles of State Policy, particularly Article 47, which mandates the State to improve public health.

Looking ahead, this initiative could serve as a blueprint for other states to adopt similar sustainable menstrual hygiene policies. Its success will depend on effective implementation, robust awareness campaigns to educate students and parents about the benefits and usage of menstrual cups, and the provision of adequate sanitation infrastructure in schools. Challenges might include overcoming initial hesitation or cultural barriers, ensuring proper training for school staff, and managing logistics. However, if successful, this move by Karnataka could significantly contribute to India's progress towards gender equality (SDG 5), good health and well-being (SDG 3), and quality education (SDG 4), paving the way for a healthier, more equitable, and sustainable future for its young women.