Nearly 25 Islamic State fighters killed or captured in Syria, U.S. military says

The recent announcement by the U.S. military that nearly 25 Islamic State (IS) operatives were killed or captured in Syria this month serves as a stark reminder of the persistent global threat posed by this terrorist organization and the ongoing, complex efforts to counter it. While seemingly a localized operation, its implications resonate deeply across international relations, internal security, and geopolitical stability, making it a crucial topic for competitive exam aspirants.

To understand the significance, one must delve into the background of the Islamic State. ISIS, also known as ISIL or Daesh, emerged from the remnants of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, capitalizing on the instability following the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq and the subsequent withdrawal. Its true ascent began around 2013-2014, exploiting the chaos of the Syrian Civil War and sectarian divisions in Iraq. By mid-2014, ISIS shocked the world by seizing vast swathes of territory across Iraq and Syria, declaring a 'caliphate' with its capital in Raqqa, Syria. This territorial control, coupled with its brutal tactics, sophisticated propaganda, and ability to attract foreign fighters from across the globe, made it an unprecedented terrorist entity. The group's stated aim was to establish a global caliphate, posing a direct threat to international peace and security.

The operation mentioned in the article is part of the broader 'Operation Inherent Resolve,' launched in 2014 by the U.S. and its allies to degrade and ultimately defeat ISIS. While ISIS lost its territorial 'caliphate' in March 2019, it transitioned into an insurgency, continuing to operate through sleeper cells and launching attacks in both Iraq and Syria, as well as inspiring affiliates worldwide. These ongoing operations, like the one reported, target key leaders, facilitators, and fighters to prevent its resurgence.

Key stakeholders in this complex scenario include primarily the **U.S. military and government**, leading the international coalition against ISIS. Their objective is to maintain pressure on the group to prevent its revival and protect U.S. interests and allies. **The Islamic State (IS)** itself remains a primary actor, albeit weakened, continuing its ideological struggle and terrorist activities. The **Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF)**, predominantly Kurdish militias, have been crucial ground allies for the U.S. in fighting ISIS in Syria. However, the situation is further complicated by the presence of the **Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad**, supported by **Russia and Iran**, whose interests often diverge from those of the U.S. and its allies. Regional powers like **Turkey** also play a significant, often contradictory, role, sometimes targeting Kurdish forces while also fighting ISIS elements. The **United Nations** and various international bodies are also stakeholders, advocating for humanitarian aid, peace, and stability in the region.

For India, the ongoing fight against ISIS in Syria carries significant weight. Firstly, the global reach and radical ideology of ISIS pose a direct threat to India's internal security. Indian security agencies, notably the **National Investigation Agency (NIA)**, have busted several modules inspired by ISIS, making arrests across various states. The fear of radicalized Indian youth traveling to conflict zones as foreign fighters, or returning as radicalized individuals, is a constant concern. The **Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967**, particularly after its 2019 amendment allowing the designation of individuals as terrorists, is a key legal instrument used by India to combat such threats. Secondly, instability in the Middle East, a major source of India's energy imports, directly impacts India's economic security through fluctuating oil prices. Thirdly, India has a large diaspora in the Gulf region, whose safety and well-being are paramount. India's foreign policy consistently advocates for a comprehensive global approach to counter-terrorism, aligning with its commitment to **Article 51 of the Constitution**, which promotes international peace and security. India has also actively participated in UN counter-terrorism efforts and conventions, often invoking **Article 253** to give effect to international agreements related to security.

Historically, the rise of ISIS can be seen as a consequence of regional power vacuums and geopolitical miscalculations following events like the Iraq War and the Arab Spring. The group's ability to exploit social media for propaganda and recruitment marked a new era in global terrorism. The current operations underscore that while the territorial caliphate is gone, the ideological battle continues. The future implications include the continued need for international cooperation against terrorism, the challenging task of de-radicalization and rehabilitation of individuals influenced by such ideologies, and managing the complex geopolitical rivalries that often hinder concerted action in the Middle East. The global community, including India, must remain vigilant against the evolving nature of terrorist threats and adapt its strategies accordingly.