GRAP-IV explained: Why is Delhi under emergency air pollution measures again?

Delhi's recurring struggle with severe air pollution has once again brought the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) to the forefront, specifically its most stringent stage, GRAP-IV. This situation is not new; it's a stark reminder of the persistent environmental challenge facing the National Capital Region (NCR) and its adjoining areas. Understanding GRAP-IV, its mechanisms, and its broader implications is crucial for competitive exam aspirants, as it touches upon environment, governance, public health, and economic aspects.

**Background: The Genesis of an Air Crisis and GRAP**

The alarming levels of air pollution in Delhi-NCR, particularly during the winter months, are a complex phenomenon driven by a confluence of factors: vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, construction dust, biomass burning (including stubble burning in neighbouring states like Punjab and Haryana), domestic fuel combustion, and unfavourable meteorological conditions (low wind speed, temperature inversion trapping pollutants). This crisis gained significant public and judicial attention, leading to various interventions. In 2016, the Supreme Court of India mandated the formulation of a comprehensive plan to tackle air pollution, which culminated in the creation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). GRAP was officially notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in 2017. It is designed as an emergency measure, a progressive set of actions to be implemented as air quality deteriorates, aiming to prevent further worsening and mitigate health impacts.

**What Happened: Delhi Under GRAP-IV**

GRAP operates on a four-stage system, each triggered by specific Air Quality Index (AQI) thresholds. GRAP-IV, often termed the 'Severe Plus' category, is the most stringent stage, activated when the AQI crosses the 450+ mark. This indicates 'Severe Plus' or 'Emergency' conditions, posing a serious health risk to the populace. When GRAP-IV is invoked, as it was recently in Delhi, it mandates a series of strict, emergency measures. These typically include a complete ban on non-essential construction and demolition activities, a ban on the entry of diesel trucks into Delhi (except those carrying essential commodities), restrictions on the plying of certain categories of vehicles (like BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel light motor vehicles), and a potential implementation of the 'odd-even' vehicle rationing scheme. Industrial activities using non-approved fuels may also be curtailed or stopped.

**Key Stakeholders and Their Roles**

The primary implementing body for GRAP in the NCR and adjoining areas is the **Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)**. Established in 2020 through an ordinance and subsequently by the CAQM Act, 2021, it replaced the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA). CAQM is an apex body with statutory powers to coordinate efforts across Delhi and the NCR states (Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan). Other key stakeholders include the **Central Government** (MoEFCC), which frames policies and provides legislative backing; **State Governments** of Delhi, Haryana, UP, and Rajasthan, responsible for on-ground implementation and addressing local sources of pollution (e.g., stubble burning policies, industrial regulations); **Local Bodies** (Municipal Corporations, Development Authorities) for dust control and waste management; and ultimately, **citizens and industries**, whose compliance is crucial for the plan's effectiveness.

**Why This Matters for India: A Multifaceted Impact**

The air pollution crisis and the invocation of GRAP-IV have profound implications for India. **Public Health** is perhaps the most immediate concern. Chronic exposure to severe air pollution leads to a rise in respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and even reduced life expectancy, placing immense pressure on the healthcare system. The **Economic Impact** is substantial, with healthcare costs, loss of productivity due to illness, and a potential deterrent to tourism and foreign investment. The economic activity also suffers directly from GRAP measures, such as construction bans impacting daily wage earners and the real estate sector. From a **Governance** perspective, it highlights challenges in inter-state coordination, effective enforcement, and balancing environmental protection with economic development goals. Delhi's poor air quality also impacts India's **International Image**, often drawing negative global attention and criticism. The social equity aspect is also critical, as the poor and vulnerable populations are often disproportionately affected by pollution and the economic disruptions caused by emergency measures.

**Constitutional & Legal Framework**

The legal basis for environmental protection in India is robust. The **Environment (Protection) Act, 1986**, provides an umbrella framework for the central government to take measures to protect and improve the environment. The **Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981**, specifically deals with air pollution. Constitutionally, the **Right to a Clean Environment** is interpreted as an intrinsic part of the **Right to Life (Article 21)**. Furthermore, **Article 48A** (Directive Principle of State Policy) obligates the State to endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife. **Article 51A(g)** (Fundamental Duty) enjoins every citizen to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

**Future Implications: Beyond Emergency Measures**

The repeated invocation of GRAP-IV underscores the need for long-term, sustainable solutions rather than relying solely on emergency measures. Future efforts must focus on source apportionment studies to precisely identify and target pollution sources. This includes promoting cleaner industrial technologies, transitioning to electric vehicles, improving public transport, implementing effective crop residue management techniques (e.g., bio-decomposers, in-situ management), and stringent dust control at construction sites. The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), launched in 2019, aims for a 20-30% reduction in particulate matter concentrations by 2024 (with a revised target for 2026), signifying a broader national commitment. Inter-state cooperation, technological innovation, robust monitoring, and public awareness campaigns will be crucial for a healthier future. The challenge is not just to react to pollution but to prevent it proactively, fostering a paradigm shift towards sustainable urban development and environmental stewardship.